How Do You Clean And Reuse Dirty Water Using Solar Power

Solar water disinfection, in short SODIS, is a type of portable h2o purification that uses solar energy to brand biologically-contaminated (east.chiliad. bacteria, viruses, protozoa and worms) water safe to drink. Water contaminated with non-biological agents such every bit toxic chemicals or heavy metals require additional steps to brand the water safe to drink.

Solar h2o disinfection is ordinarily accomplished using some mix of electricity generated past photovoltaics panels (solar PV), estrus (solar thermal), and solar ultraviolet light collection.

Solar disinfection using the furnishings of electricity generated by photovoltaics typically uses an electric current to evangelize electrolytic processes which disinfect water, for instance by generating oxidative complimentary radicals which impale pathogens by dissentious their chemical structure. A second approach uses stored solar electricity from a battery, and operates at night or at low light levels to power an ultraviolet lamp to perform secondary solar ultraviolet water disinfection.

Solar thermal water disinfection uses estrus from the sun to heat h2o to 70–100 °C for a short period of time. A number of approaches exist. Solar heat collectors can have lenses in forepart of them, or use reflectors. They may as well use varying levels of insulation or glazing. In addition, some solar thermal water disinfection processes are batch-based, while others (through-flow solar thermal disinfection) operate near continuously while the sun shines. Water heated to temperatures below 100 °C is generally referred to equally pasteurized water.

The ultraviolet part of sunlight can also kill pathogens in water. The SODIS method uses a combination of UV light and increased temperature (solar thermal) for disinfecting h2o using simply sunlight and repurposed PET plastic bottles. SODIS is a free and constructive method for decentralized water treatment, unremarkably applied at the household level and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage.^[i] SODIS is already applied in numerous developing countries.^{[2] : 55} Educational pamphlets on the method are available in many languages,^[three] each equivalent to the English-language version.^[2]

Process for household awarding [edit]

SODIS instructions for using solar h2o disinfection

Guides for the household use of SODIS draw the process.

Colourless, transparent PET water or soda bottles of ii litre or smaller size with few surface scratches are selected for utilize. Glass bottles are also suitable. Any labels are removed and the bottles are washed earlier the offset use. Water from possibly-contaminated sources is filled into the bottles, using the clearest water possible. Where the turbidity is college than xxx NTU information technology is necessary to filter or precipitate out particulates prior to exposure to the sunlight. Filters are locally fabricated from cloth stretched over inverted bottles with the bottoms cut off. In order to improve oxygen saturation, the guides recommend that bottles be filled iii-quarters, shaken for 20 seconds (with the cap on), then filled completely, recapped, and checked for clarity.

Aluminum reflects ultraviolet well

The filled bottles are then exposed to the fullest sunlight possible. Bottles will heat faster and hotter if they are placed on a sloped Sun-facing reflective metal surface. A corrugated metal roof (as compared to thatched roof) or a slightly curved sheet of aluminum foil increases the lite inside the bottle. Overhanging structures or plants that shade the bottles must exist avoided, every bit they reduce both illumination and heating. After sufficient fourth dimension, the treated water can be consumed directly from the bottle or poured into clean drinking cups. The gamble of re-contamination is minimized if the water is stored in the bottles. Refilling and storage in other containers increases the risk of contamination.

Suggested treatment schedule^[4]

Weather weather condition	Minimum treatment elapsing
Sunny (less than 50% cloud embrace)	6 hours
Cloudy (l–100% cloudy, petty to no pelting)	2 days
Continuous rainfall	Unsatisfactory performance; utilise rainwater harvesting

The nearly favorable regions for application of the SODIS method are located between latitude fifteen°Northward and 35°N, and also xv°S and 35°S.^[ii] These regions have high levels of solar radiation, with limited deject cover and rainfall, and with over ninety% of sunlight reaching the earth's surface as directly radiation.^[2] The second most favorable region lies betwixt latitudes xv°N and 15°S. these regions have high levels of scattered radiation, with most 2500 hours of sunshine annually, due to high humidity and frequent cloud cover.^[ii]

Local didactics in the employ of SODIS is important to avoid confusion between PET and other canteen materials. Applying SODIS without proper assessment (or with false assessment) of existing hygienic practices & diarrhea incidence may not address other routes of infection. Community trainers must themselves be trained first.^[2]

Applications [edit]

SODIS is an effective method for treating water where fuel or cookers are unavailable or prohibitively expensive. Even where fuel is available, SODIS is a more economical and environmentally friendly option. The awarding of SODIS is limited if enough bottles are non bachelor, or if the water is highly turbid. In fact, if the water is highly turbid, SODIS cannot exist used alone; additional filtering is then necessary.^[5]

A basic field exam to make up one's mind if the water is as well turbid for the SODIS method to piece of work properly is the newspaper exam.^[iii] For the paper test the user has to place the filled bottle upright on top of a newspaper headline and look downwardly through the canteen opening. If the letters of the headline are readable, the h2o tin can be used for the SODIS method. If the letters are not readable then the turbidity of the h2o likely exceeds thirty NTU, and the h2o must be pretreated.

In theory, the method could be used in disaster relief or refugee camps. However, supplying bottles may be more difficult than providing equivalent disinfecting tablets containing chlorine, bromine, or iodine. In addition, in some circumstances, it may be difficult to guarantee that the h2o volition exist left in the sun for the necessary time.

Other methods for household water treatment and safety storage exist (e.g., chlorination) dissimilar filtration procedures or flocculation/disinfection. The option of the adequate method should be based on the criteria of effectiveness, the co-occurrence of other types of pollution (turbidity, chemic pollutants), treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user'due south preference.

When the water is highly turbid, SODIS cannot be used alone; boosted filtering or flocculation is so necessary to clarify the water prior to SODIS treatment.^{[6] [7]} Recent piece of work has shown that mutual table table salt (NaCl) is an effective flocculation amanuensis for decreasing turbidity for the SODIS method in some types of soil.^[8] This method could be used to increase the geographic areas for which the SODIS method could exist used as regions with highly turbid water could be treated for low costs.^[nine]

SODIS may alternatively exist implemented using plastic bags. SODIS bags have been institute to yield as much as 74% higher treatment efficiencies than SODIS bottles, which may be because the bags are able to reach elevated temperatures that cause accelerated treatment.^[10] SODIS bags with a h2o layer of approximately 1 cm to vi cm reach higher temperatures more easily than SODIS bottles, and treat Vibrio cholerae more effectively.^[ten] It is assumed this is because of the improved surface surface area to book ratio in SODIS bags. In remote regions plastic bottles are non locally available and demand to exist shipped in from urban centers which may be expensive and inefficient since bottles cannot be packed very tightly. Bags can be packed more densely than bottles, and tin can be shipped at lower cost, representing an economically preferable alternative to SODIS bottles in remote communities. The disadvantages of using numberless are that they tin can give the water a plastic smell, they are more hard to handle when filled with water, and they typically require that the water be transferred to a 2nd container for drinking.

Another important benefit in using the SODIS bottles equally opposed to the numberless or other methods requiring the water to exist transferred to a smaller container for consumption is that the bottles are a indicate-of-utilise household water treatment method.^[xi] Betoken-of-use means that the water is treated in the same easy to handle container it will be served from, thus decreasing the risk of secondary h2o contamination.

Cautions [edit]

The PET recycling mark shows that a bottle is fabricated from polyethylene terephthalate, making it suitable for solar water disinfection^[12]

If the water bottles are non left in the dominicus for the proper length of time, the h2o may not be safe to drink and could crusade illness. If the sunlight is less strong, due to overcast weather or a less sunny climate, a longer exposure time in the lord's day is necessary.

The post-obit issues should also be considered:

Canteen material

Some glass or PVC materials may prevent ultraviolet lite from reaching the h2o.^[xiii] Commercially available bottles made of PET are recommended. The treatment is much more convenient in the case of PET bottles. Polycarbonate (resin identification code 7) blocks all UVA and UVB rays, and therefore should not be used. Bottles that are clear are to be preferred over bottles that accept been colored, for example green lemon/lime soda pop bottles.

Aging of plastic bottles

SODIS efficiency depends on the physical status of the plastic bottles, with scratches and other signs of clothing reducing the efficiency of SODIS. Heavily scratched or old, blind bottles should be replaced.

Shape of containers

The intensity of the UV radiations decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. At a water depth of x cm (iv inches) and moderate turbidity of 26 NTU, UV-A radiation is reduced to l%. PET soft drink bottles are often easily available and thus nigh practical for the SODIS awarding.

Oxygen

Sunlight produces highly reactive forms of oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides) in the h2o. These reactive molecules contribute in the destruction process of the microorganisms. Under normal weather (rivers, creeks, wells, ponds, tap) water contains sufficient oxygen (more than than 3 mg/L of oxygen) and does not take to exist aerated before the application of SODIS.

Leaching of bottle material

There has been some concern over the question of whether plastic drinking containers can release chemicals or toxic components into water, a process perhaps accelerated by oestrus. The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Enquiry have examined the improvidence of adipates and phthalates (DEHA and DEHP) from new and reused PET-bottles in the water during solar exposure. The levels of concentrations found in the water afterward a solar exposure of 17 hours in lx °C (140 °F) water were far below WHO guidelines for drinking water and in the aforementioned magnitude as the concentrations of phthalate and adipate generally plant in loftier-quality tap h2o. Concerns most the general employ of PET-bottles were also expressed after a study published by researchers from the University of Heidelberg on the release of antimony from PET-bottles for soft drinks and mineral h2o stored over several months in supermarkets. However, the antimony concentrations found in the bottles are orders of magnitude beneath WHO^[14] and national guidelines for antimony concentrations in drinking water.^{[15] [16] [17]} Furthermore, SODIS water is not stored over such extended periods in the bottles.

Regrowth of bacteria

One time removed from sunlight, remaining bacteria may again reproduce in the dark. A 2010 written report showed that adding just 10 parts per 1000000 of hydrogen peroxide is constructive in preventing the regrowth of wild Salmonella.^[18]

Toxic chemicals

Solar water disinfection does non remove toxic chemicals that may be nowadays in the water, such every bit factory waste matter.

Wellness impact, diarrhea reduction [edit]

According to the World Health Organization, more than two 1000000 people per year die of preventable h2o-borne diseases, and ane billion people lack access to a source of improved drinking water.^{[19] [xx]}

It has been shown that the SODIS method (and other methods of household water treatment) can very effectively remove pathogenic contagion from the water. However, infectious diseases are too transmitted through other pathways, i.e. due to a general lack of sanitation and hygiene. Studies on the reduction of diarrhea amidst SODIS users show reduction values of 30–fourscore%.^{[21] [22] [23] [24]}

Research [edit]

The effectiveness of the SODIS was first discovered by Aftim Acra, of the American University of Beirut in the early 1980s. Follow-up was conducted by the research groups of Martin Wegelin at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Kevin McGuigan at the Imperial College of Surgeons in Republic of ireland. Clinical command trials were pioneered by Ronan Conroy of the RCSI team in collaboration with Michael Elmore-Meegan.ICROSS

A joint research projection on SODIS was implemented by the post-obit institutions:

• Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Ireland (coordination)
• University of Ulster (UU), Uk
• CSIR Environmentek, South Africa, EAWAG, Switzerland
• The Institute of H2o and Sanitation Development (IWSD), Zimbabwe
• Plataforma Solar de Almería (CIEMAT-PSA), Spain
• Academy of Leicester (UL), United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
• The International Committee for the Relief of Suffering and Starvation (ICROSS), Kenya
• University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Espana
• Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Switzerland

The project embarked on a multi-country study including study areas in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Kenya.

Other developments include the evolution of a continuous period disinfection unit of measurement^[25] and solar disinfection with titanium dioxide film over glass cylinders, which prevents the bacterial regrowth of coliforms subsequently SODIS.^[26]

Inquiry has shown that a number of low-cost additives are capable of accelerating SODIS and that additives might brand SODIS more rapid and effective in both sunny and cloudy atmospheric condition, developments that could help make the engineering science more than effective and acceptable to users.^[27] A 2008 study showed that powdered seeds of five natural legumes (peas, beans and lentils)—Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Phaseolus mungo (black lentil), Glycine max (soybean), Pisum sativum (green pea), and Arachis hypogaea (peanut)—when evaluated as natural flocculants for the removal of turbidity, were equally effective as commercial alum and fifty-fifty superior for description in that the optimum dosage was low (i g/50), flocculation was rapid (7–25 minutes, depending on the seed used) and the water hardness and pH was essentially unaltered.^[28] Afterward studies accept used chestnuts, oak acorns, and Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) for the same purpose.^{[29] [xxx]}

Other research has examined the use of doped semiconductors to increase the production of oxygen radicals under solar UV-A.^[31] Recently, researchers at the National Centre for Sensor Inquiry and the Biomedical Diagnostics Constitute at Dublin Urban center University have developed an inexpensive printable UV dosimeter for SODIS applications that can be read using a mobile phone.^[32] The camera of the phone is used to acquire an image of the sensor and custom software running on the telephone analyses the sensor colour to provide a quantitative measurement of UV dose.

In isolated regions the consequence of wood smoke increases lung affliction, due to the constant need for building fires to boil h2o and cook. Enquiry groups have found that boiling of water is neglected due to the difficulty of gathering wood, which is scarce in many areas. When presented with basic household water treatment options residents in isolated regions in Africa accept shown a preference for the SODIS method over humid or other bones water treatment methods.

A very simple solar h2o purifier for rural households has been developed which uses 4 layers of saree cloth and solar tubular collectors to remove all coliforms.^[33]

In July 2020 researchers written report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient solar-based h2o sanitation to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water.^{[34] [35]}

Promotion [edit]

The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), through the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), coordinates SODIS promotion projects in 33 countries including Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, DR Congo, Republic of ecuador, Republic of el salvador, Ethiopia, Republic of ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Republic of honduras, Republic of india, Indonesia, Kenya, Lao people's democratic republic, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Perú, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Togo, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.^[36]

SODIS projects are funded by, amidst others, the SOLAQUA Foundation,^[37] several Lions Clubs, Rotary Clubs, Migros, and the Michel Comte H2o Foundation.

SODIS has also been applied in several communities in Brazil, one of them being Prainha do Canto Verde, Beberibe due west of Fortaleza. Villagers in that location using the SODIS method have been quite successful, since the temperature during the twenty-four hour period can go beyond 40 °C (104 °F) and there is a limited amount of shade.^{[ citation needed ]}

One of the almost important things to consider for public wellness workers reaching out to communities in demand of suitable, cost efficient, and sustainable water treatment methods is teaching the importance of water quality in the context of health promotion and disease prevention while educating near the methods themselves. Although skepticism has posed a challenge in some communities to prefer SODIS and other household water treatment methods for daily employ, disseminating knowledge on the important health benefits associated with these methods will likely increment adoption rates.

See besides [edit]

• Appropriate technology
• Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
• Water Pasteurization Indicator

References [edit]

1. ^ "WHO | Treatment technologies". Household water treatment and prophylactic storage. Globe Wellness Organization. Archived from the original on October 26, 2004. Retrieved six June 2016.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Meierhofer R, Wegelin One thousand (Oct 2002). Solar water disinfection — A guide for the application of SODIS (PDF). Swiss Federal Plant of Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). ISBN978-3-906484-24-2.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Training material". Swiss Federal Constitute of Environmental Science and Engineering (EAWAG) Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). Retrieved ane February 2010.
4. ^ "How does it work?" (PDF). sodis.ch. Retrieved ane February 2010.
5. ^ Limitations of SODIS Archived October 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ "Treating turbid water". World Health System. 2010. Archived from the original on October 27, 2004. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
7. ^ Clasen T (2009). Scaling Up Household Water Treatment Amid Low-Income Populations (PDF). World Health Organization.
8. ^ B. Dawney and J.K. Pearce "Optimizing Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) Method past Decreasing Turbidity with NaCl", The Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Evolution 2(2) pp. 87-94 (2012). open access
9. ^ B. Dawney, C. Cheng, R. Winkler, J. Thou. Pearce. Evaluating the geographic viability of the solar water disinfection (SODIS) method by decreasing turbidity with NaCl: A case study of South Sudan. Applied Clay Scientific discipline 99:194–200 (2014). open admission shortly DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.06.032
10. ^ ^{a b} Pierik, Bradley (2011). Plastic Numberless for Water Treatment: A new Approach to Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water (Primary's thesis). University of British Columbia (Vancouver). doi:10.14288/i.0059284.
11. ^ Mintz E; Bartram J; Lochery P; Wegelin G (2001). "Not just a driblet in the bucket: Expanding access to signal-of-use water handling systems". American Periodical of Public Health. 91 (ten): 1565–1570. doi:10.2105/ajph.91.ten.1565. PMC1446826. PMID 11574307.
12. ^ "Plastic Packaging Resins" (PDF). American Chemistry Council.
13. ^ "SODIS Technical Note # 2 Materials: Plastic versus Glass Bottles" (PDF). sodis.ch. xx Oct 1998. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved i February 2010. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
14. ^ "Guidelines for drinking-water quality" (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 304–6.
15. ^ Kohler Yard, Wolfensberger M. "Migration of organic components from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to water" (PDF). Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-21.
16. ^ William Shotyk, Michael Krachler & Bin Chen (2006). "Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 8 (2): 288–292. doi:10.1039/b517844b. PMID 16470261.
    • Katharine Sanderson (19 January 2006). "Toxic risk in bottled water?". Chemic Scientific discipline.
17. ^ "Bottled Waters Contaminated with Antimony from PET" (Press release). University of Heidelberg. 26 January 2006.
18. ^ Sciacca F, Rengifo-Herrera JA, Wéthé J, Pulgarin C (2010-01-08). "Dramatic enhancement of solar disinfection (SODIS) of wild Salmonella sp. in PET bottles by H(2)O(2) improver on natural water of Burkina Faso containing dissolved atomic number 26". Chemosphere. 78 (9): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.001. hdl:11336/10091. PMID 20060566.
19. ^ "Household water treatment and safe storage". Archived from the original on October 25, 2004. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
20. ^ The WHO and UNICEF Articulation Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2000). Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN978-92-4-156202-7. Archived from the original on August 5, 2003.
21. ^ Conroy RM, Elmore-Meegan M, Joyce T, McGuigan KG, Barnes J (1996). "Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial". Lancet. 348 (9043): 1695–7. doi:ten.1016/S0140-6736(96)02309-iv. PMID 8973432. S2CID 10341637.
22. ^ Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J (October 1999). "Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal affliction: an update". Archives of Disease in Babyhood. 81 (4): 337–viii. doi:10.1136/adc.81.4.337. PMC1718112. PMID 10490440.
23. ^ Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan Chiliad, Barnes J (Oct 2001). "Solar disinfection of drinking water protects confronting cholera in children under vi years of age". Athenaeum of Disease in Childhood. 85 (4): 293–5. doi:10.1136/adc.85.iv.293. PMC1718943. PMID 11567937.
24. ^ Rose A, Roy Due south, Abraham 5, et al. (February 2006). "Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India". Athenaeum of Disease in Childhood. 91 (ii): 139–41. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.077867. PMC2082686. PMID 16403847.
25. ^ Caslake LF, Connolly DJ, Menon V, Duncanson CM, Rojas R, Tavakoli J (February 2004). "Disinfection of contaminated water by using solar irradiation". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2): 1145–50. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..lxx.1145C. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.2.1145-1150.2004. PMC348911. PMID 14766599.
26. ^ Gelover Due south, Gómez LA, Reyes K, Teresa Leal M (October 2006). "A applied demonstration of water disinfection using TiO2 films and sunlight". Water Res. 40 (17): 3274–80. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.07.006. PMID 16949121.
27. ^ Fisher MB, Keenan CR, Nelson KL, Voelker BM (March 2008). "Speeding upwards solar disinfection (SODIS): effects of hydrogen peroxide, temperature, pH, and copper plus ascorbate on the photoinactivation of East. coli". J H2o Health. 6 (one): 35–51. doi:ten.2166/wh.2007.005. PMID 17998606.
28. ^ Mbogo SA (March 2008). "A novel technology to ameliorate drinking water quality using natural handling methods in rural Tanzania". J Environ Health. 70 (7): 46–50. PMID 18348392.
29. ^ Šćiban Grand, Klašnja M, Antov Yard, Škrbić B (2009). "Removal of h2o turbidity past natural coagulants obtained from chestnut and acorn". Bioresource Technology. 100 (24): 6639–43. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.047. PMID 19604691.
30. ^ Nkurunziza, T; Nduwayezu, JB; Banadda, EN; Nhapi, I (2009). "The effect of turbidity levels and Moringa oleifera concentration on the effectiveness of coagulation in water treatment". H2o Scientific discipline and Technology. 59 (8): 1551–viii. doi:10.2166/wst.2009.155. PMID 19403968.
31. ^ Byrne JA; Fernandez-Ibañez PA; Dunlop PSM; Alrousan DMA; Hamilton JWJ (2011). "Photocatalytic Enhancement for Solar Disinfection of H2o: A Review". International Journal of Photoenergy. 2011: 1–12. doi:10.1155/2011/798051.
32. ^ Copperwhite, R; McDonagh, C; O'Driscoll, Due south (2011). "A Photographic camera Telephone-Based UV-Dosimeter for Monitoring the Solar Disinfection (SODIS) of Water". IEEE Sensors Journal. 12 (v): 1425–1426. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2011.2172938. S2CID 3189598.
33. ^ Low-toll solar water purifier for rural households. Anil K. Rajvanshi and Noorie Rajvanshi. Current Science, VOL. 115, NO. ane, x JULY 2018
34. ^ "New solar material could make clean drinking h2o". phys.org . Retrieved sixteen August 2020.
35. ^ Singh, Subhash C.; ElKabbash, Mohamed; Li, Zilong; Li, Xiaohan; Regmi, Bhabesh; Madsen, Matthew; Jalil, Sohail A.; Zhan, Zhibing; Zhang, Jihua; Guo, Chunlei (13 July 2020). "Solar-trackable super-wicking black metal console for photothermal water sanitation". Nature Sustainability. 3 (11): 938–946. doi:ten.1038/s41893-020-0566-x. ISSN 2398-9629. Text and images are bachelor under a Artistic Eatables Attribution 4.0 International License.
36. ^ Contact addresses and instance studies of the projects coordinated by the Swiss Federal Plant of Aquatic Science and Engineering (EAWAG) are available at sodis.ch.
37. ^ "SOLAQUA". Wegelin & Co. Archived from the original on 2008-05-04.

External links [edit]

• SODIS
• How does it work
• Cheap water purification using: SODIS on YouTube
• WADI - Device for Solar Water Disinfection
• "Plastic versus glass bottles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-24. (36.0 KB)
• SODIS in Latin America
• covers the concept briefly
• Drinking Water For All (PDF) by Anumakonda Jagadeesh. Test results in Tamil Nadu, India.
• Kenyans Tap Sun to Make Dingy Water Sparkle Multimedia from CLPMag.org
• Pure water for all, The Hindu Business organisation Line, Apr xv, 2005
• Make clean h2o at no toll, the SODIS way, The Hindu, Sep 14, 2006
• A place in the sun physics.org, October 7, 2009
• Glass Bottles and UV Low-cal (PDF) provides information on how much UV low-cal is filtered past various types of glass bottles, August 2008

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_disinfection

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